Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, ngangixoxa nomngane wami siphuza itiye, futhi ngokuhlekisa wathi, “I-alumina eniyicwaninga ngaso sonke isikhathi, akuyona nje into eluhlaza yokwenza izinkomishi ze-ceramic kanye ne-sandpaper?” Lokhu kwangishiya ngithule. Ngempela, emehlweni abantu abavamile,impuphu ye-aluminakuyizinto zezimboni nje, kodwa embuthanweni wethu wobunjiniyela bezokwelapha, "iyinto efihliwe yokwenza imisebenzi eminingi." Namuhla, ake sixoxe ngendlela le mpuphu emhlophe ebonakala ijwayelekile engene ngayo buthule emkhakheni wezesayensi yokuphila.
I. Kusukela eKlinikhi Yezamathambo
Okwangihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwakuyingqungquthela yamathambo engaya kuyo ngonyaka odlule. Uprofesa omdala wethule idatha yokulandelela yeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ngokufakwa esikhundleni kwamalunga okwenziwa e-alumina ceramic—ngesilinganiso sokusinda esingaphezu kuka-95%, okwamangaza bonke odokotela abasebasha ababekhona. Kungani kufanele ukhethe i-alumina? Kunesayensi eningi ngemuva kwayo. Okokuqala, ubulukhuni bayo buphakeme ngokwanele, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokuguguleka kunamandla kakhulu kunezinto zensimbi zendabuko. Amalunga ethu abantu abekezelela izinkulungwane zokungqubuzana nsuku zonke. Izitho zokufakelwa zensimbi zendabuko ezifakwe epulasitikini zizokhiqiza imfucumfucu yokuguguleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubangela ukuvuvukala nokumuncwa kwamathambo. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokuguguleka kwe-alumina ceramics liyiphesenti elilodwa kuphela lezinto zendabuko, okuyisibalo esiguqukayo emisebenzini yezokwelapha.
Okungcono nakakhulu ukuhambisana kwayo nezinto eziphilayo. Ilabhorethri yethu yenze izivivinyo zokukhula kwamaseli futhi yathola ukuthi ama-osteoblast anamathela futhi anda kangcono ebusweni be-alumina kunakwezinye izindawo zensimbi. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani, ngokwezokwelapha, izitho zokufakelwa ze-alumina zibophana kakhulu nethambo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona nje noma iyiphiimpuphu ye-aluminaingasetshenziswa. I-alumina yezinga lezokwelapha idinga ubumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.9%, kanye nosayizi wezinhlamvu zekristalu olawulwa ezingeni le-micron, futhi kumele idlule enkambisweni ekhethekile yokucwilisa. Kufana nokupheka—usawoti ojwayelekile kanye nosawoti wolwandle kungafaka kokubili izinongo ekudleni, kodwa izindawo zokudlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu zikhetha usawoti ovela emvelaphi ethile.
II. “Umnakekeli Ongabonakali” Kwezokwelapha Amazinyo
Uma uke waya emtholampilo wamazinyo wesimanje, kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele uhlangane ne-alumina. Imiqhele eminingi ethandwayo ye-alumina eyenziwe nge-ceramic powder. Imiqhele yendabuko yensimbi ne-ceramic inezinkinga ezimbili: okokuqala, insimbi ithinta ubuhle, futhi umugqa wezinsini uthambekele ekuphendukeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; okwesibili, abanye abantu bayazwela insimbi. Imiqhele ye-alumina eyenziwe nge-ceramic ixazulula lezi zinkinga. Ukukhanya kwayo kufana kakhulu namazinyo emvelo, futhi ukulungiswa okubangelwayo kungokwemvelo kangangokuthi ngisho nodokotela bamazinyo kufanele babheke eduze ukuze babone umehluko. Uchwepheshe wamazinyo omkhulu engimaziyo usebenzise isifaniso esifanele kakhulu: “I-alumina ceramic powder ifana nenhlama—iyaguquguquka kakhulu futhi ingabunjwa ibe yizimo ezahlukahlukene; kodwa ngemva kokusha, iba nzima njengetshe, iqine ngokwanele ukuqhekeza ama-walnut (yize singakukhuthazi ukwenza lokho ngempela).” Okuthandwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva imiqhele ye-alumina ephrintiwe nge-3D. Ngokuskena kwedijithali kanye nokuklama, iphrintwa ngqo kusetshenziswa i-alumina slurry, kufinyelela ukunemba kwamashumi ama-micrometer. Iziguli zingafika ekuseni bese zihamba nezigqoko zazo kusihlwa—into eyayingacatshangwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
III. "Ukuzulazula Okunembile" Ezinhlelweni Zokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa
Ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luthakazelisa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi i-alumina powder inezindawo eziningi ezisebenzayo ebusweni bayo, ingamunca ama-molecule emithi njengemagnet bese iwakhulula kancane kancane. Ithimba lethu lenze izivivinyo kusetshenziswa ama-microspheres e-alumina anezimbobo agcwele imithi yokulwa nomdlavuza. Ukuhlushwa kwemithi endaweni yesimila kwakuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-3-5 kunezindlela zokulethwa kwemithi zendabuko, kuyilapho imiphumela emibi yesistimu yehlisiwe kakhulu. Isimiso akunzima ukusiqonda: ngokwenzai-alumina powderUma ingena ezinhlayiyeni ezincane noma ezincane bese ishintsha ubuso, ingaxhunyaniswa nama-molecule aqondisa, njengokunikeza umuthi uhlelo "lokuhamba nge-GPS" ukuze luye ngqo esilondeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alumina igcina ibola ibe ama-ion e-aluminium emzimbeni, angasetshenziswa ngumzimba ngemithamo evamile futhi ngeke aqongeleleke isikhathi eside. Osebenza naye ofunda ukwelashwa okuqondisiwe komdlavuza wesibindi ungitshele ukuthi basebenzise ama-nanoparticle e-alumina ukuletha imithi ye-chemotherapy, okwandisa izinga lokuvimbela isimila ngo-40% kumodeli yegundane. "Isihluthulelo ukulawula usayizi wezinhlayiyana; ama-nanometer ayi-100-200 afanelekile—amancane kakhulu futhi asuswa kalula yizinso, makhulu kakhulu futhi awakwazi ukungena ezicutshini zesimila." Lolu hlobo lwemininingwane luwumongo wocwaningo.
IV. “Ama-Sensitive Probes” kuma-Biosensors
I-Alumina nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxilongweni kwesifo kwasekuqaleni. Ubuso bayo bungashintshwa kalula ngama-biomolecule ahlukahlukene, njenge-antibodies, ama-enzyme, kanye nama-DNA probes, ukuze kudalwe ama-biosensor azwela kakhulu. Isibonelo, amanye amamitha e-glucose egazini manje asebenzisa ama-sensor chips asekelwe ku-alumina. I-glucose egazini isabela nama-enzymes ku-chip ukuze ikhiqize isignali kagesi, futhi ungqimba lwe-alumina lwandisa lesi signali, okwenza ukutholwa kube neqiniso kakhudlwana. Izindlela zomcu wokuhlola wendabuko zingase zibe nesilinganiso samaphutha angu-15%, kuyilapho ama-sensor e-alumina angagcina iphutha lingaphakathi kuka-5%, umehluko omkhulu ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela. Okubaluleke kakhulu yizinzwa ezithola ama-biomarker omdlavuza. Ngonyaka odlule, isihloko ephephabhukwini elithi *Biomaterials* sibonise ukuthi ukusebenzisa ama-alumina nanowire arrays ukuthola i-antigen ethile ye-prostate kwaholela ekuzweleni okuphindwe kabili okukhulu kunezindlela ezivamile, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza esigabeni sokuqala kakhulu.
V. “Ukusekelwa Kwezikhafula” ku-Tissue Engineering
Ubunjiniyela bezicubu buyindaba eshisayo kwezokwelapha nge-biomedicine. Kalula nje, kuhilela ukutshala izicubu eziphilayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-vitro bese uzitshala emzimbeni. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu yizinto ezisetshenziswayo - kumele zinikeze ukwesekwa kwamaseli ngaphandle kokubangela imiphumela emibi enobuthi. Izicafu ze-alumina ezinezimbobo zitholile indawo yazo lapha. Ngokulawula izimo zenqubo, kungenzeka ukudala izakhiwo ezifana nesiponji se-alumina ezinezimbobo ezingaphezu kuka-80%, ezinobukhulu bezimbobo obufanele amangqamuzana ukukhula kuzo, okuvumela izakhamzimba ukuthi zigeleze ngokukhululeka. Ilabhorethri yethu yazama ukusebenzisa izicafu ze-alumina ukukhulisa izicubu zamathambo, futhi imiphumela yaba mihle ngokungalindelekile. Ama-osteoblast awagcinanga nje kuphela ngokusinda kahle kodwa futhi akhipha i-matrix yamathambo engeziwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwembule ukuthi ukuqina okuncane kobuso be-alumina empeleni kwakhuthaza ukubonakaliswa komsebenzi weseli, okwakuyisimanga esimnandi.
VI. Izinselele kanye namathemba
Vele, ukusetshenziswa kwei-aluminaemkhakheni wezokwelapha awudingi izinselelo. Okokuqala, kunenkinga yezindleko; inqubo yokulungiselela i-alumina yezinga lezokwelapha iyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza ibize kakhulu izikhathi eziningi kune-alumina yezinga lezimboni. Okwesibili, idatha yokuphepha yesikhathi eside isaqongelelwa. Nakuba umbono wamanje unethemba, ukuqina kwesayensi kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo ze-nano-alumina idinga ucwaningo olujulile olwengeziwe. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinezakhiwo ezihlukile, futhi ukuthi lezi ziwusizo noma ziyingozi yini kuncike kudatha eqinile yokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, amathuba aqhakazile. Amanye amaqembu manje acwaninga ngezinto ezihlakaniphile ze-alumina - isibonelo, abathwali abakhipha imithi kuphela ngamanani athile e-pH noma ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-enzyme, noma izinto zokulungisa amathambo ezikhipha izinto zokukhula ekuphenduleni izinguquko zokucindezeleka. Ukuphumelela kulezi zindawo kuzoguqula izindlela zokwelapha.
Ngemva kokuzwa konke lokhu, umngane wami waphawula, “Angikaze ngicabange ukuthi kukhona okuningi kangaka kule mpuphu emhlophe.” Ngempela, ubuhle besayensi buvame ukufihlwa kokujwayelekile. Uhambo lwempuphu ye-alumina lusuka ezindaweni zokusebenzela zezimboni luye emakamelweni okuhlinzwa nasema-laboratory lubonisa kahle ubuhle bocwaningo oluhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene. Ososayensi bezinto zokwakha, odokotela, kanye nososayensi bezinto eziphilayo basebenzisana ukuze baphefumulele impilo entsha ezintweni zendabuko. Lokhu kubambisana kwemikhakha eyahlukene yikona kanye okuqhuba intuthuko kwezokwelapha zanamuhla.
Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esizayo lapho ubonai-aluminium oxide Uma ubheka umkhiqizo, cabanga ngalokhu: kungase kungabi nje isitsha se-ceramic noma isondo lokugaya; kungaba ukuthuthukisa impilo yabantu kanye nokuphila kwabo ngendlela ethile, elabhorethri noma esibhedlela ndawana thize. Intuthuko yezokwelapha ivame ukwenzeka ngale ndlela: hhayi ngokuthuthuka okukhulu, kodwa kaningi ngezinto ezifana ne-aluminium oxide, ukuthola kancane kancane izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha nokuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo buthule. Esikudingayo ukugcina ilukuluku nengqondo evulekile, nokuthola amathuba angavamile kokujwayelekile.