Mayelana nezinto ezingaphili – i-Cerium Oxide
I-Cerium oxideiyisithako esingaphili esinefomula yamakhemikhali i-CeO₂. Iyimpuphu ephuzi ngokuphaphathekile noma ephuzi ngokunsundu enobuningi obungu-7.13 g/cm₃ kanye nendawo yokuncibilika engu-2397°C. Ayincibiliki emanzini kanye nase-alkali, kodwa incibilika kancane ku-asidi. Ku-2000°C kanye ne-15 MPa, i-cerium oxide ingancishiswa nge-hydrogen ukuze ikhiqizei-cerium trioxide. Emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-2000°C kanye nokucindezela okungaphezu kuka-5 MPa, i-cerium oxide inombala ophuzi-obomvu, ngezinye izikhathi opinki. Isetshenziswa njengento yokupholisha, i-catalyst, i-catalyst carrier (isengezo), i-UV absorber, i-fuel cell electrolyte, i-automotive exhaust absorber, kanye ne-electronic ceramics.
Ukusetshenziswa
I-Oxidant. I-Catalyst yokusabela kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinga lensimbi yomhlaba elingavamile lokuhlaziywa kwensimbi. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Redox titration. Susa umbala engilazini. I-glass enamel yelanga. I-alloy engangeni ukushisa.
Isetshenziswa njengesengezo embonini yengilazi, njengento yokugaya ingilazi yepuleti, kanye nasezimonyweni njengesivimbeli se-UV. Yandisiwe ukuze ifake ingilazi yengilazi yamehlo epholishayo, amalensi okukhanya, kanye namashubhu emisebe ye-cathode, okunikeza ukususwa kombala, ukucaciswa, kanye nokumuncwa kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-electron.
Ⅱ. Imiphumela Engavamile Yomhlaba
1. Umhlaba OngavamileImiphumela Yokupholisha
Izimpushana zokupholisha umhlaba ezingavamile zinikeza izinzuzo zesivinini sokupholisha esisheshayo, ikhwalithi ephezulu yokuqeda, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpushana zokupholisha zendabuko ze-iron oxide, zinobungani nemvelo futhi kulula ukuzisusa ezintweni ezingcolisayo.Izimpushana zokupholisha ze-Cerium oxideAmalensi angapholisha amalensi ngomzuzu owodwa, kuyilapho izimpushana zokupholisha i-iron oxide zingathatha imizuzu engama-30 kuya kwengama-60. Ngakho-ke, izimpushana zokupholisha umhlaba ezingavamile zinikeza izinzuzo zomthamo ophansi, isivinini sokupholisha esisheshayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokupholisha okuphezulu. Zingathuthukisa futhi ikhwalithi yokupholisha kanye nendawo yokusebenza. Izimpushana zokupholisha ingilazi ezingavamile ngokuvamile zenziwa ngama-oxide acebile nge-cerium. I-Cerium oxide iyinhlanganisela yokupholisha ephumelela kakhulu ngoba ingapholisha ingilazi ngasikhathi sinye ngokubola kwamakhemikhali kanye nokungqubuzana komshini. Izimpushana zokupholisha ze-cerium ezingavamile zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumakhamera okupholisha, amalensi ekhamera yevidiyo, amashubhu ezithombe zethelevishini, amalensi ezibuko zamehlo, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Izwe lami linezimboni eziningi zempushana yokupholisha umhlaba ezingavamile, ezinamandla okukhiqiza angaphezu kweshumi angaphezu kwamathani ayi-100. I-Baotou Tianjiao Qingmei Rare Earth Polishing Powder Co., Ltd., i-Sino-foreign venture, ingenye yabakhiqizi bempushana yokupholisha umhlaba engavamile ezweni lami, enamandla okukhiqiza angamathani ayi-1,200 ngonyaka. Imikhiqizo yayo ithengiswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
2. Ukususa Umbala Engilazini
Yonke ingilazi iqukethe i-iron oxide, engangeniswa engilazini ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, isihlabathi, i-limestone, kanye ne-cullet eqoqweni lengilazi. Ikhona ngezindlela ezimbili: i-divalent iron, ephendula ingilazi ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye ne-trivalent iron, ephendula ibe phuzi. Ukushintsha umbala kuhilela ukuxubha ama-ion e-divalent iron abe yi-trivalent iron, njengoba i-trivalent iron inengxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi kuphela yobukhulu be-divalent counterpart yayo. I-color corrector ibe isingezwa ukuze iguqule umbala ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olukhanyayo.
Izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ezisetshenziselwa ukususwa kombala engilazini ngokuyinhloko yi-cerium oxide kanye ne-neodymium oxide. Izinto ezingavamile zokususa umbala engilazini zithatha indawo yezinto ezivamile zokususa umbala e-arsenic emhlophe, zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngenkathi zigwema ukungcola kwe-arsenic. I-Cerium oxide inezinzuzo zokuqina kokushisa okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokungamuncwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo ukuze kususwe umbala engilazini.
3.Umbala Wengilazi
Ama-ion e-Rare earth abonisa imibala ezinzile negqamile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi asetshenziselwa ukudala ingilazi enemibala ehlukahlukene ngokuyifaka koketshezi. Ama-oxide e-Rare earth njenge-neodymium, i-praseodymium, i-erbium, ne-cerium ayimibalabala yengilazi emihle kakhulu. Uma ingilazi ekhanyayo enalezi mibala imunca ukukhanya okubonakalayo okuphakathi kwama-nanometer angu-400 no-700, iveza imibala emihle. Lezi ngilazi ezinemibala zingasetshenziswa ukudala izembozo zokukhanya zezinkomba zezindiza, ukuhamba, kanye nezimoto ezahlukahlukene zokuhamba, kanye nemihlobiso yobuciko ehlukahlukene ephezulu.
Uma i-neodymium oxide ingezwa engilazini ye-soda-lime kanye ne-lead, ukujula kombala wengilazi kuncike ekujiyeni, okuqukethwe yi-neodymium, kanye nokuqina komthombo wokukhanya. Ingilazi encane ibonakala iphinki elikhanyayo, kanti ingilazi ejiyile ibonakala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi i-neodymium dichroism. I-Praseodymium oxide ikhiqiza okuluhlaza okufana ne-chromium. I-Erbium oxide, esetshenziswa engilazini ye-photochromic kanye nengilazi yekristalu, ikhiqiza umbala opinki. I-Cerium oxide ehlanganiswe ne-titanium dioxide idala umbala ophuzi. I-Praseodymium oxide kanye ne-neodymium oxide zingasetshenziswa engilazini emnyama ye-praseodymium-neodymium.
4. Izihluzi Zomhlaba Ezingavamile
I-Cerium oxide, esikhundleni se-arsenic oxide yendabuko, isetshenziswa njengesicacisi sengilazi ukususa amabhamuza kanye nezici zombala ezilandelanayo. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amabhodlela engilazi angenambala, okuholela engilazini emhlophe njengekristalu enokucaca okuhle kakhulu, amandla engilazi athuthukisiwe, kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuthuthukisiwe. Iphinde iqede ukungcola kwe-arsenic emvelweni nasengilazini ngokwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-cerium oxideingangezwa engilazini yansuku zonke, njengengilazi yokwakha neyezimoto, kanye nengilazi yekristalu, ukuze kuncishiswe ukudluliswa kwe-UV. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza selwamukelwe kabanzi eJapane nase-United States. Ngokuthuthuka kwezinga lokuphila ezweni lakithi, kulindeleke futhi ukuthi kutholakale imakethe eqinile. I-Neodymium oxide, engezwe engilazini ye-cathode ray tube, isusa ukusabalala kokukhanya okubomvu futhi ithuthukise ukucaca. Izibuko ezikhethekile ezinezengezo zomhlaba ezingavamile zifaka: ingilazi ye-lanthanum, enenkomba yayo ephezulu yokugqama kanye nokusabalala okuphansi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwamalensi ahlukahlukene kanye namalensi ekhamera athuthukile kanye nekhamera, ikakhulukazi lawo emishinini yezithombe ephakeme; ingilazi engangenisi imisebe ye-cerium, esetshenziswa engilazini yezimoto kanye nengilazi kamabonakude; kanye nengilazi ye-neodymium, into efanelekile yama-laser amakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumadivayisi e-nuclear fusion alawulwayo.