Ukuhlonza kuyinqubo yokuqedela ngokunemba esetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokugaya ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nekhwalithi yobuso bemigodi ekhiqizwe ngomshini. Phakathi nenqubo, amatshe okuhlonza ahlubulayo alethwa ekuthinteni okulawulwayo okubuyelana nobuso bengxenye yokusebenza. Lokhu kusebenzisana kususa izindawo eziphakeme ezincane kakhulu—ezaziwa nangokuthi amaphuzu okuphazamiseka—phakathi kobuso bokusika betshe lokuhlonza kanye nobuso bangaphakathi bengxenye yokusebenza. Ngokususa izinto eziqhubekayo nezizinzile, indawo iba yinto efanayo kancane kancane, okuholela ekuqedeni okunembe kakhulu nokubushelelezi okudingeka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kobunjiniyela bokunemba.
Amatshe okuhombisa, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amatshe kawoyela emisebenzini yezimboni, enziwa ngezinto ezahlukahlukene zokuhudula kuye ngezidingo zomshini. Izinto zokuhudula ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka idayimane, i-cubic boron nitride (CBN), i-fused alumina (i-aluminium oxide), kanye ne-silicon carbide. Izinto ngazinye zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ebulukhunini bomsebenzi, ukuqeda okufunekayo kobuso, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinto ezicutshungulwayo. Izinto ezihudula kakhulu njengedayimane ne-CBN zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqina okuphezulu noma ukusetshenziswa okunembe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-alumina ne-silicon carbide zihlala zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqedeni ngenhloso ejwayelekile.
Inqubo yokucija inezici eziningana ezibalulekile. Inikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu komshini kanye nekhwalithi enhle kakhulu yokuqeda ubuso. Ifanelekela uhla olubanzi lwezinto zokwakha kanye namajiyomethri, ikakhulukazi izindawo zangaphakathi eziyisilinda. Le nqubo idinga futhi imvume encane yokususa izinto uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokugaya, futhi inamandla amakhulu okulungisa amaphutha ejiyomethri njenge-taper, ukuphambuka kokuyindilinga, kanye nokugoba kobuso. Lezi zici zenza ukucija kube inqubo ebalulekile yokuqeda ekukhiqizeni ngokunemba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokucija kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 e-United States, lapho izinkampani ezifana neBarnes neMicromatic zadlala indima yokuqala. Ubuchwepheshe bamukelwa ngokushesha emazweni athuthukile okuhlanganisa iJalimane, i-United Kingdom, neJapane, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kokuqeda isilinda senjini. Ngo-1924, izindlela zokwandisa i-hydraulic zokucija amatshe zaqalwa, okuvumela ikhono elikhulu lokususa izinto kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwenqubo. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezizenzakalelayo zaqala ukuvela, okuphawula isigaba sokuqala sokuzenzakalela kubuchwepheshe bokucija.
Kwenziwa intuthuko eyengeziwe ngo-1938 ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukudla ezithuthukisiwe, okwavumela ukulawulwa okungcono kwesivinini sokunwetshwa kwamatshe kanye nesinxephezelo sokuguguleka kwamathuluzi. Lokhu kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukuhambisana nokunemba komshini. Ngo-1952, kwaqalwa izinhlelo zokwandiswa kwe-elekthronikhi ezikhokhelwa ngokugcwele, okwakumele esinye isinyathelo esikhulu esiya ezenzakalelayo, ukunemba okuphezulu, kanye nokuzinza kwenqubo emisebenzini yokucija yezimboni.
Naphezu kwentuthuko eqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kusekhona igebe phakathi kwemishini yokulola ethuthukisiwe yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe ezindaweni eziningana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokupholisa nezokuhlunga, ukunemba kokulawula izinga lokushisa, kanye nomklamo wemishini enembile kakhulu. Lezi zici zinomthelela oqondile kwikhwalithi yobuso, impilo yamathuluzi, kanye nokuqina komshini jikelele, futhi zihlala ziyizindawo ezibalulekile zokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo embonini.
Ukuthunga kusetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, ogandaganda nezithuthuthu, ubunjiniyela basolwandle nobezindiza, amathuluzi omshini, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemishini yezempi. Izicelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi ama-liner esilinda senjini, ama-bore okulungisa ama-spindle nama-transmission, izimbobo zamasilinda e-hydraulic kanye ne-pneumatic, ama-gearbox kanye nama-motor housings, imizimba yamaphampu, ngisho nama-barrel aqinile angagugi njengemiphongolo yezibhamu. Lezi zingxenye zonke zidinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nobuqotho obuhle kakhulu bomphezulu.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwamatshe okucija kube yinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwedayimane yokwenziwa kanye ne-CBN abrasives kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle. Imininingwane yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi izinqubo zokucija zanamuhla ezingaphezu kuka-92% manje zithembele ematsheni acijile asekelwe edayimane noma e-CBN, okubonisa ukushintshela okucacile ezintweni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Amatshe okucija acwebezelayo kakhulu anikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa impilo yesevisi ende, izindleko zokucubungula eziphansi, ukuklwebheka okuphansi kobuso, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okuphansi kokugaya, kanye namaphethini obuso obuhlanganisiwe obuzinzile futhi obufanayo. Lezi zinzuzo ziwenza afaneleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokukhiqiza okuphezulu lapho ukuhambisana nokunemba kubalulekile khona.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamatshe okucija kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokusila. Amatshe acijile njengedayimane ne-CBN avame ukukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo zokusila ezibandayo noma izinqubo zokusila ezishisayo. Ukusila okubandayo ngokuvamile kusebenzisa isikhunta sensimbi ngaphansi komfutho ophezulu osukela ku-400 kuya ku-500 MPa, okuholela ekuphileni isikhathi eside kwesikhunta kanye nokuqina okuphezulu kwesakhiwo. Ukusila okushisayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusebenzisa isikhunta se-graphite ngaphansi komfutho ophansi ongaba ngu-15 kuya ku-20 MPa, ngamazinga okushisa aphansi okusila kanye nokulondolozwa okungcono kwamandla okusila, yize ukusetshenziswa kwesikhunta kuphakeme.
Amatshe okucija e-alumina ne-silicon carbide endabuko ayephakathi kwezinhlobo zokuqala ezathuthukiswa futhi asasetshenziswa kabanzi nanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo ezicija kanye zinemikhawulo maqondana nokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kucutshungulwa izinto ezilukhuni ukucutshungulwa ngomshini. Uma kuqhathaniswa namathuluzi acija kakhulu, ukuguquguquka kwawo kanye nokusebenza kahle kuphansi kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe.
Ukukhethwa kwamatshe okucija kumele kusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zenqubo. Kumakhanda okucija antantayo, ubude bamatshe kumele buqinisekise kokubili ukucutshungulwa okuzinzile kanye nesiqondiso esifanele ngaphakathi kwembobo. Kumakhanda okucija antantayo noma aqinile, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwemigodi emifushane, ukuziqondisa ngokwakho akubalulekile kangako, okuvumela amatshe amafushane ukuthi asetshenziswe. Ekucijeni kwemigodi engaboni, ukunemba okuphezulu kokuphindaphinda kuyadingeka, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema umthelela wobuso obungapheli ongabangela umonakalo wamatshe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ubude bamatshe ngokuvamile buklanywa ukuthi bube cishe ububanzi bokushaywa okungapheli okuphindwe kane.
Ngaphezu kobude, inani nobubanzi bamatshe okucija kufanele kukhethwe ngokuya ngokuqina kwamathuluzi kanye nokuqina kwenqubo. Ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo yemishini, ukwanda kobubanzi bamatshe kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusika kanye nokuvumelana komphezulu. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile zokukhetha zifaka phakathi izinto zokusebenza, ububanzi bebhore kanye nokujula, ukuphela komphezulu okudingekayo, kanye nezici zomshini wokucija osetshenziswayo. Lezi zinhlaka zinquma ngokuhlangene ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokucija.